Justia Patents Opinion Summaries

Motiva’s patent, issued in 2007 and titled “Human Movement Measurement System,” generally relates to a “system for ... testing and training a user to manipulate the position of ... transponders while being guided by interactive and sensory feedback . . . for the purpose of functional movement assessment for exercise and physical rehabilitation.” Motiva accused Nintendo’s Wii video game system of infringement. The district court stayed the case pending patent reexamination. Motiva then filed a complaint with the International Trade Commission, asserting that the Wii infringed the patent, so that its importation violated the Tariff Act. After the Commission began its investigation, Nintendo moved for summary determination under Section 337, which prohibits importation of articles that infringe a valid and enforceable U.S. patent if “an industry in the United States, relating to the articles protected by the patent ... exists or is in the process of being established.” 19 U.S.C. 1337(a)(2). According to Nintendo, there were no commercialized products incorporating Motiva’s patented technology, and Motiva’s activity aimed at developing a domestic industry consisted solely of the litigation. The administrative law judge agreed. The Federal Circuit affirmed. View "Motiva, LLC v. Int'l Trade Comm'n" on Justia Law

Monsanto invented and patented Roundup Ready soybean seeds, which contain a genetic alteration that allows them to survive exposure to the herbicide glyphosate. It sells the seeds subject to a licensing agreement that permits farmers to plant the purchased seed in only one growing season. Growers may consume or sell the resulting crops, but may not save any of the harvested soybeans for replanting. Bowman purchased Roundup Ready soybean seed for his first crop of each growing season. To reduce costs for his riskier late-season planting, Bowman purchased soybeans intended for consumption; planted them; treated the plants with glyphosate, killing all plants without the Roundup Ready trait; harvested the resulting soybeans that contained that trait; and saved some of these harvested seeds to use in his late-season planting the next season. After discovering this practice, Monsanto sued for patent infringement. Bowman raised the defense of patent exhaustion, which gives the purchaser of a patented article, or any subsequent owner, the right to use or resell that article. The district court rejected Bowman’s defense; the Federal Circuit affirmed. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court affirmed. Patent exhaustion does not permit a farmer to reproduce patented seeds through planting and harvesting without permission. Under the patent exhaustion doctrine, the initial authorized sale terminates all patent rights to the patented item and confers on the purchaser, or any subsequent owner, the right to use or sell the thing, but the doctrine restricts the patentee’s rights only as to the “particular article” sold. It leaves untouched the patentee’s ability to prevent a buyer from making new copies. By planting and harvesting patented seeds, Bowman made additional copies of Monsanto’s patented invention, which falls outside the protections of patent exhaustion. If Bowman were granted an exception, patents on seeds would retain little value. View "Bowman v. Monsanto Co." on Justia Law

Alice Corporation owns three patents covering a computerized trading platform for exchanging obligations in which a trusted third party settles obligations between a first and second party so as to eliminate “settlement risk.” Settlement risk is the risk that only one party’s obligation will be paid, leaving the other party without its principal. The trusted third party eliminates this risk by either exchanging both parties’ obligations or exchanging neither obligation. CLS sought a declaration of invalidity; Alice counterclaimed infringement. The district court ruled in favor of CLS, holding that each asserted claim of the four patents is invalid for failure to claim patent eligible subject matter. In 2012, the Federal Circuit reversed, finding that the system, method, and media claims were directed to practical applications of invention falling within the categories of patent eligible subject matter defined by 35 U.S.C. 101. Upon consideration en banc, a majority of the court affirmed the district court’s holding that the asserted system, method and computer-readable media claims are not directed to eligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. 101. View "CLS Bank, Int'l v Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd." on Justia Law

In 1985, Behringwerke filed a U.S. patent application directed to the use of DNA sequences (enhancers) identified in human cytomegalovirus. An enhancer, when introduced into a cell that produces a drug, can enable the cell to produce the drug at a much higher rate. In 1992, Behringwerke and Genentech entered into a licensing agreement related to enhancers that matured into the patents-in-suit; for fixed annual payments, Genentech could practice the patents for research purposes. Genentech was to pay a royalty on sales of commercially marketable goods incorporating a “Licensed Product.” The Agreement, governed by German law, required that disputes be settled by arbitration. Behringwerke sold its pharmaceutical business to Sanofi, but the Agreement and patent rights stayed with Hoechst; both are German entities. In 2008, Sanofi sued Genentech for infringement based on sales of the allegedly infringing drugs Rituxan and Avastin, which Genentech had not identified as licensed products. Hoechst demanded arbitration before a European arbitrator. The district court found no infringement. The Federal Circuit affirmed. Arbitration continued. On remand, Genentech sought to enjoin Sanofi from continuing the foreign arbitration. The district court denied the motion, finding that Hoechst is a party to the arbitration, but not a party to the litigation and that an injunction would frustrate policies favoring enforcement of forum selection clauses, and would not be in the interest of international comity. The arbitrator determined that German substantive law, not U.S. patent law, would be used, that a drug could be a licensed article even though it did not contain the patented enhancers, if those enhancers were used in its manufacture, and that Genentech was liable for damages. The Federal Circuit affirmed that Genentech was not entitled to an injunction. View "Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland, GMBH v. Genentech, Inc." on Justia Law

Uship’s patents are directed to systems and methods of processing packages for shipment. According to the shared specification, the invention fills the need “for a system which accepts and stores items for subsequent pick-up by a commercial carrier.” The claims at issue recite “[a] method of mailing parcels and envelopes using an automated shipping machine” in the preamble. The claims comprise several similar or identical steps, including “receiving payment information from a customer”; “receiving package type information identifying a parcel . . . to be mailed”; “printing a shipping label”; and “validating receipt of said parcel . . . as the parcel . . . for which said . . . label was printed.” In Uship’s infringement action, the Court of Federal Claims found that “only an automated machine can perform” the validating step. On reconsideration, the court explained that its construction was based on both the specification and the prosecution history. After claim construction, the parties stipulated to a judgment of noninfringement. The Federal Circuit affirmed. View "Uship Intellectual Props., LLC v. United States" on Justia Law

Baron owns the 525 patent, which “generally relates to systems and methods for weather reporting and forecasting, and more particularly, to computerized systems and methods for reporting and forecasting real-time weather information.” ’ In 2011, Baron filed a civil action alleging that MWI’s WeatherCall programs infringed the 525 patent. The district court awarded summary judgment of noninfringement and attorney’s fees to MWI. The federal circuit vacated, finding summary judgment premature because Baron had yet to obtain MWI’s source code and to conduct two scheduled depositions. View "Baron Servs., Inc. v. Media Weather Innovations, LLC" on Justia Law

Combigan®, used to treat glaucoma, is a combination of the well-known alpha2-agonist Alphagan® and the well-known beta-blocker Timoptic® and contains the preservative benzalkonium chloride, which is widely-used in ophthalmic formulations. Allergan holds four patents related to Combigan®. The asserted claims are directed to a composition of 0.2% brimonidine and 0.5% timolol, expressed in different ways, some claims are directed to a fixed combination, others are directed to a method of treatment by administering the composition twice daily, and others are directed to packaging material indicating that twice daily administration of the composition is useful for treating glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Defendants submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration an Abbreviated New Drug Application, seeking approval to market a generic version of Combigan®. Allergan sued under 35 U.S.C. 271(e)(2)(A), claiming infringement of Allergan’s four Orange Book-listed patents. Prior to trial, but after claim construction, the district court granted summary judgment of non-infringement as to certain claims, the court then found each asserted claim not invalid. The Federal Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, finding the district court erred in finding certain claims not invalid as obvious. Defendants, however, failed to prove that another claim would have been obvious. View "Allergan, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc." on Justia Law

Versata’s patents relate to computer-based pricing of products. In prior art, each factor required separate database queries, so that determining a price was highly inefficient. The claimed invention identifies all the groups to which a customer belongs and all corresponding price adjustments and product-related factor. Versata marketed a successful product, Pricer, sold as a package with other Versata software or as an addition to enterprise systems offered by companies like SAP. While Versata’s patent application was pending, SAP released a new version of its software that contained hierarchical pricing capability, which, it stated, was like Pricer. Pricer sales faltered. Versata sued for infringement. In the first trial, the jury found that SAP directly infringed asserted claims, induced and contributed to infringement of one claim, and that the claims were not invalid, and awarded $138,641,000. The court granted JMOL of noninfringement of the 400 patent, but denied JMOL of noninfringement of the 350 patent. Before the second trial, SAP modified its products with a patch that prevented users from saving data into certain fields. The jury concluded that the products still infringed and awarded $260 million in lost profits and royalties of $85 million. The court entered a permanent injunction. The Federal Circuit vacated the injunction as overbroad, but otherwise affirmed. View "Versata Software, Inc. v. SAP Am., Inc." on Justia Law

The 753 patent is directed to a heart rate monitor that purports to improve upon the prior art by effectively eliminating noise signals during the process of detecting a user’s heart rate. According to the patent, prior art monitors did not eliminate signals given off by skeletal muscles (EMG signals), which are brought about when users move their arms or squeeze the monitor with their fingers. Biosig, the assignee of the 753 patent, brought a patent infringement action against Nautilus. After claim construction of the disputed term ”space relationship,” the district court declared the patent invalid. The Federal Circuit reversed and remanded, finding the claims at issue not invalid for indefiniteness. View "Biosig Instruments, Inc. v. Nautilus, Inc." on Justia Law

Lazare Kaplan owns the 351 patent, which claims methods and systems for using lasers to make microinscriptions on gemstones. In 2006, Lazare Kaplan brought suit for infringement of two patents, including the 351 patent, against Photoscribe. In response, Photoscribe filed counterclaims seeking declarations of invalidity. Following a remand, the district court entered summary judgment of invalidity. The Federal Circuit held that the court erred in revisiting the issue of validity on remand, reversed the grant of relief, vacated the finding of invalidity, instructed the court to assess infringement, and declined to reassign the matter to a new judge on remand. View "Lazare Kaplan Int'l, Inc. v. Photoscribe Techs, Inc." on Justia Law